On The Life Sciences Scene

Ludicrous Base Conception Of Genetics And Molecular Genetics

The Tail Wagging The Dog

For most humans the study of heredity, of variation of organisms, of structure and activity of genes and genomes, is the study of elements and components of the cellular organisms including humans.

This is plainly ludicrous.

The plain fact is that the study of cellular organisms, including humans, is the study of genomes and genes, genes being the primal Earth organisms, now living interdependently in genomes.

All Earth organisms, including humans, are components in and instruments of the evolutionary biology of Earth's genes.

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

mistake re-posting of earlier post

DH

The Evolutionary Cost Of Indiscriminate Affability In Ethics,
A Stick In The Wheels Spokes Of The Human Evolution Carriage

Indiscriminate affability in societal intercultural relationship is a fashionable striving to avert intercultural conflict by expressing either "understanding empathy" in regards to pheno- or ethno-cultures incompatible with the common societal welfare, or by playing down and blurring the differences between the incompatible cultures.

This indiscriminate affability buys a temporary respite in a stirring societal pond. However, it pays a high price for the temporary apparent gain. The price is a stick in the wheels spokes of the human evolution carriage.

The human evolution carriage rolls from junction to junction towards its destination of survival and maximum feasible benefit for Earth's humanity. It will not advance towards its destination by taking simultaneously routes, each of which leading to another destination. It's either the common survival or the specific pheno- or ethno-survival.

Humanity's optimal life quality may be realized only via an all-Earth science-based rational approach to individual and group life. The purpose of our life and its promotion is ours to formulate and set. It derives solely from our cognition.

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Macrophages Role Prompted By Cue, Not By Location?
Fragmented axons in neurons mains release different alarm cue then in periphery cables?

A. "Immune cell plays good cop, bad cop"

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/36506/title/Immune_cell_plays_good_cop%2C_bad_cop

"Immune cells called macrophages aid neuron regeneration in some parts of the nervous system, but hinder regeneration in the brain and spinal cord."

"If the neuron is wounded in the portion located in the brain or spinal cord (known as the central nervous system) macrophages can prevent regeneration, a new study in the Sept. 17 Journal of Neuroscience shows. But if the injury occurs in other parts of the body (the peripheral nervous system) macrophages help heal the hurt, a second study in the same issue of the journal demonstrates."

B. "Eosinophils Mitochondrial DNA defense By mtGenes, Primal Organisms Of Early Bacteria"

http://www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=14988&st=270&#entry367252

http://www.sciencenews.org/index/generic/activity/view/id/35045/title/DNA_defense

"Scientists had previously reported that the white blood cells known as neutrophils expel their DNA in an effort to trap bacteria. But this was thought to be nuclear DNA, and for the neutrophils it was a suicide mission. These one-use-only cells died for the larger antibacterial movement. The eosinophils are expelling DNA from their mitochondria, the tiny energy factories that populate most cells in the body, but this loss of DNA doesn’t kill the cell. The discovery suggests that scientists need to take a second look at the neutrophil traps, Simon says."

C. Most unclear aspects of mtGenes may crystallize if genes concepts are crystallized.

mtGenes, all genes, were once archaic individual independent genes, organisms, evolved into interdependent members of genomes communes.

mtGenes, specifically, are Primal Organisms Of Early Bacteria...now they are the crack team alarmed to encounter relatively big invaders, including bacteria ...

Maybe even the tRNA and rRNA, all RNAs, were once individual independent genes, organisms, prior to being replaced by stabler, better survivor next generation DNA versions...and thus relegated to become genes' main functional toolings...

Musing,

Dov Henis
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Biological Evolution Of The Concepts Energy, Religion and God

A. Lobbying the 2008 presidential candidates

In the news: A new petition developed to lobby the presidential candidates argues that increased federal investments in BASIC energy research are essential.

Obviously increased federal investments in BASIC energy research are essential in order to support, maintain and further promote our science-and-technology culture.

B. From "Science And Technology Evolution Since The 1920s, And Its Societal-Social Implications"

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1&p=419

- The nature of the evolution of science and technology since the 1920s has been the most significant molding factor of the present characteristics of our society, and it is vitally important for charting the future course of our society to learn and understand this evolution.

- Why is it that since the 1920s technology has been evolving dynamically whereas basic, non-applied, science has been progressing - in my opinion - at ever decreasing rate?

- Basic, non-applied science, since the 18th century Enlightenment the banner of social and societal evolution out of entrenched traditional doctrines and values, has been abandoned and presently barely survives in few institutions. Enlightenment's inherent philosophy and attitudes in regards to individualism, universal human progress and the applications of reason have been pushed off the western culture highway by the ever rising flood of values, attitudes and texture of life of the technology era.

- Are we sure that the present Technology Culture is the culture we want to reign supreme from now on forever?

- We are what we decide to be, and for electing what to be some of us want to know the nature of our essentiality and our place and function in the universe; science will never be sufficient for this but our continuous endless quest, science, is an inherent human characteristic...

C. Biological cognition of Energy, Religion and God

Humans comprehend now that life is one of the products of evolution of energy-transformation-storage systems, since at Genesis was the energy singularity, eventually there will be near zero mass and an infinite dispersion of the beginning energy, and in-between, the universe undergoes continuous evolution consisting of myriad energy-to-energy and energy-to-mass-to-energy transformations, life being one of them.

Energy is the essence-matrix of the cosmos and of life. Energy is Everything, including biology, "religion" and "god". Yet, we do not comprehend what energy is generically, even if we learned many of its aspects and learned to exploit them.

BASIC energy research is indeed essential...

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Pain relief to believe in

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/36539/title/Pain_relief_to_believe_in

"Religious believers shown pictures that evoke spiritual responses display brain activity that may contribute to feeling relief from physical pain, a new study finds."

"Pictures Evoke Spiritual Responses", in sciencenews?

What branch of science deals with "Spiritual matters"?

"Spiritual" is biological. Each and every thought or emotion is biological.

"Spiritual" exists as a "realm" seperate from "Reality" in the conceptions and expressions of two groups: (a) religious persons, and (b) those whose welfare depends on wide public support hence on public-appeal public-relation mumbo-jumbo...

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Men And Women’s Brains Age Differently

A. The brain on age
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/36708/title/This_is_the_brain_on_age

- "The activity of genes in men's brains begins to change sooner than it does in women's brains, a new study shows."

- "The types of genes that change with age also differ between the sexes."

B. Human male and female are phenotypes
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1&p=143

May 5, 2005 Dov Henis, biologicalEvolution forum

(a) From Scientific American, May 2005, p.22, "His Brain, Her Brain", By L. Cahill :

* "It turns out that male and female brains differ quite a bit in architecture and activity."

* "Neuroscientists are uncovering anatomical, chemical and functional differences between the brains of men and women".

* "Several intriguing behavioral studies add to the evidence that some sex differences in the brain arise before a baby draws its first breath".

(b) Two of the many definitions of "phenotype":

* "The detectable expression of the interaction of genotype and environment constituting the visible characters of an organism".

* "The observable characteristics, appearance or constitutional, of an organism due to the interaction between the genotype and the environment."

(c) I am not well informed in the matters of the subject article but plain common sense, without need to resort to verbiage, suggests that a comparison of organism's male's and female's genomes reveals, or would most likely reveal, a set of expressions of genes of different patterns, evolved in the course of different physiological adaptive demands/preferences of male and female.

C. From "Culture, A Ubiquitous Biological Entity"
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1&p=262

Culture is the universal driver of genetic evolution.

The major course of natural selection is not via random mutations followed by survival, but via interdependent, interactive and interenhencing selection of biased genes replication routes at their alternative-splicing-steps junctions, effected by the cultural feedback of the third stratum multicells organism or monocells community to their second stratum genomes and finally to their prime stratum genes, organisms.

There is a basic, sex-related difference, between women's and men's cultures, between woman's and man's genes,in addition to the therefore inherent physiological differences between their brains.

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

“It’s A Proof Of Concept”, Of Two Concepts.

A. Safer creation of stem cells, maybe, hopefully

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/36881/title/Safer_creation_of_stem_cells_

A new technique for converting adult cells to stem cells avoids dangerous mutations in cell DNA.

The goal is that the cells, termed "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPS), can eventually be made safe for transplantation in humans.

Currently retroviruses are used, carrying four separate genes that effectively wipe the developmental slate of an adult cell. The Retroviridae used now are single-stranded RNA viruses that produce reverse transcriptase, using their RNA as a template they produce corresponding DNA and incorporate it into the genome of infected cells. These foreign DNA are often tumorigenic, including the lentiviruses (as the HIVs) and the causative agent of Rous sarcoma.

In the new development adenoviruses are used. These are DNA viruses, Adenoviridae, that don't normally integrate into the genome of cells that they infect and therefore present smaller risk of cancer.

The safer virus carries the same four genes ( Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc ) into adult cells but instead of inserting them into the cells’ genetic code, the virus lets the genes free-float within the cells. Proteins encoded by these genes "do the actual reprogramming", and the cells’ protein-making machinery can read the four genes even if they’re adrift in the cells. Eventually, the cells degrade the genes, and the viruses get lost as the cells repeatedly divide.

Stadtfeld says the team doesn’t know yet why the skin cells needed extra help, or why the conversion rates were so low. These two problems must be solved before reprogrammed cells could be used for medical treatments.

B. For Me This Is A Proof Of My Concept That Genes Are Organisms

Read the abstract again, with a concept that DNA genes are organisms and RNA genes are pre-DNA archaic yet active organisms and many proteins are cues for pre-programmed genes' activities.

It is necessary to overcome a reflective resistance to conceive certain polymers as living, organisms. However, the plain simple fact of life is that genes are organisms, the primal organisms of Earth, the LIFE of Earth. All other organisms evolve and live temporarily to promote and maintain the genes, to promote and maintain the temporary store of energy which is Earth's biosphere.

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

JFYI

You may find this post of interest:

The Essence of Science-Informed Humanistic Western Culture

http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/148.page#828

DH

Western Culture Wavers At 2008 Junction

1) What, grosso modo, is "Western Culture"

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1&p=262

"Western culture" is the ongoing dynamically evolving science-informed culture, initiated in Western Europe, tinted with a variety of regional/national/ethnic/religious aspects. Its essential characteristic is a continuous flexible adaptation to ever evolving science-informed findings-comprehensions, with various degrees and modes of concurrent dismissal or modification of traditional supernatural cultural phenotypic aspects". (my definition.DH)

2) But since the 1920s "western culture" has an additional major feature;
"Societal Implications Of Science And Technology Evolution Since The 1920s"

http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/61.page#215

Since the 1920s technology development has been THE TOOL of capital formation and accumulation together with their inherent social and societal values, attitudes and life style and even together with their inherent individual and societal-social ethics.

Basic, non-applied science, since the 18th century Enlightenment the banner of social and societal evolution out of entrenched traditional doctrines and values, has been abandoned and presently barely survives in few institutions. Enlightenment's inherent philosophy and attitudes in regards to individualism, universal human progress and the applications of reason have been pushed off the western culture highway by the ever rising flood of values, attitudes and texture of life of the technology era.

The values, attitudes and texture of life of the technology era include a "freely competitive capitalistic market", free of government regulation. This has been both good and bad. The good has been the wide public-based "capital formation and accumulation" that enabled extensive economic growth. The bad has been the regulation-free manipulation of this capital to accumulate gain far in excess of the market value of the production by this accumulated capital. This excess non-productive speculative investment kept inflating until exploded, until realization that it has been plundered, not utilized in production of sellable products. It has been realized now that this bad aspect of the hitherto technology culture must be modified, must become regulated with rational political control, to overcome the societal damages that might be inflicted by the natural human element, greed.

3) "Biological Evolution Of The Concepts Energy, Religion and God"

http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/40/122.page#772
http://www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=14988&st=300&#entry376941

Humans comprehend now that life is one of the products of evolution of energy-transformation-storage systems...

...that the universe undergoes continuous evolution consisting of myriad energy-to-energy and energy-to-mass-to-energy transformations, life being one of them...

...that energy is the essence-matrix of the cosmos and of life... that energy is everything, including all biologies and hence all of cultures...

4) "Basic Study Of Life Ceased In The 21st Century"

http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/54.page#412

In "biological evolution" the subject is "evolution", the evolution of biological processes.
In "evolutionary biology" the subject is "biology", the biology of evolution processes.

- Basic, non-applied science, since the 18th century Enlightenment the banner of social and societal evolution out of entrenched traditional doctrines and values, has been abandoned and presently barely survives in few institutions. Enlightenment's inherent philosophy and attitudes in regards to individualism, universal human progress and the applications of reason have been pushed off the western culture highway by the ever rising flood of values, attitudes and texture of life of the technology era.

- Are we sure that the present Technology Culture is the culture we want to reign supreme from now on forever?

- We are what we decide to be, and for electing what to be some of us want to know the nature of our essentiality and our place and function in the universe; science may never be sufficient for this, but our continuous endless quest, science, is an inherent human characteristic...

5) Western Culture Is Wavering At 2008 Junction

We are facing now a period of several years of painful exposures and treatments of more and more malignant pnenomena of economic-cultural aspects of our societal organisation.

We need a fresh authoritative scientific organization, freed from the hitherto politically correct webs of "spititual realms" and "technologically-applicable-only" cultures.

An Enlightenment course of societal evolution matrixed on rational scientific grounds may become probable and possible if a fresh authoritative scientific organization is established "by and for the people including scientists", in which scientists operate and make editorial decisions on scientific rather than on political grounds.

It is obvious that our culture must undergo a radical change, in nationally considered and planned direction and manner, with national and global security and welfare considerations. Are we up to it?

Dov Henis

SC Are More Easilly Displaced At Organism's Rest Time

Stem Cells Emerge At Night
http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/55081/

"it is unclear why the stem cells leave their niche during a patient's time of rest"

SC are more easily displaced during the organism's rest time simply because their genome is off-duty then, part of its duty is to be on-call at the specific site where it is:

Life's Chirality And Circadian Rhythm,
Evidence Of Updated Darwinian Evolution

A. Updated life's concepts:

http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/20/122.page#423

- Earth life consists of three strata: genes are primal organisms, genomes are evolved 2nd
stratum organisms, and cellular organisms are evolved 3rd stratum.

- Life's evolution started at genesis.

- Life's evolution is not random. It is biased, driven by culture.

B. Earliest evidences of updated Darwinian evolution:

- Life's chirality
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/122.page#387
http://www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=14988&st=180&#entry327715

- Circadian rhythm

http://forum.physorg.com/index.php?showtopic=14988&st=135&#entry301299

Suggesting,

Dov Henis
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Human Inertial Behavior

Impact Of 2008 Global Economy Collapse On Future X And Y

Unbelievable how many essays and postings in all media wonder what might be the impact of the present economy collapse on the future of X and on the future of Y etc.,

Imagine the Titanic seen threatened by closing-in glaciers, multiply thousands-fold its size and passengers number, and imagine many of them wondering about the impact of the upcoming calamity on the meals menues in the dining rooms or on the availability of various facilities in the physical fitness room or on the despatch of mail on board etc.,

Unbelievable.

Human Inertial Behavior...

Dov Henis

"Genetic Information" "controlled" By Light?

A. Can genetic information be controlled by light?

http://www.uni-kiel.de/aktuell/pm/2008/2008-092-photoresistenz-e.shtml

"DNA, the molecule that acts as the carrier of genetic information in all forms of life, is highly resistant against alteration by ultraviolet light, but understanding the mechanism for its photostability presents some puzzling problems."

"Researchers at Kiel University have succeeded in showing that DNA strands differ in their light sensitivity depending on their base sequences."

B. The DNA polymer molecule itself IS THE PRIMAL LIFE FORM

The DNA polymer molecule DOES NOT "ACT" "as carrier of genetic information". IT IS LIFE. It is the first stratum of all Earth life. It has evolved from genes into genomes, which then evolved into cellular forms. A gene is an organism, a genome is an organism, and each and all life forms - all organisms - exist and function to maintain and enhance the genes, in order to maintain and enhance Earh's biosphere, which is the drive and purpose of Earth life.

Earth Life: 1. a format of temporarily constrained energy, retained in temporary constrained genetic energy packages in forms of genes, genomes and organisms 2. a real virtual affair that pops in and out of existence in its matrix, which is the energy constrained in Earth's biosphere.

C. "DNA strands differ in their light sensitivity depending on their base sequences"

Of course. "DNA strands" are sections, members, of organisms, of genes, that became living organisms as a result of light energy absorption by RNA-related oligomers.

Life Genesis, formation of first genes, was a phenomenon of serendipitous occurrence, in a supportive environment, of 'favourably-directed' energy potential between in-coming sun's radiation and polymerizing RNA-related oligomeric configuration.

Of course the "light sensitivity" of "DNA strands" depend on the constitution of the "strands".

D. So What Else Is New?

What else can be new when technicians-scientists, depending in all respects on their establishment-guilds, repeat ad absurdum their guilds' mantras, and plan and do "research" in accordance with pre-Copernicus concepts...

Dov Henis
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Early Evolution Of Group Behaviors
Life's Evolution Started, Not Absurdly, Even Prior To Genesis
Talk About A Forces-Matter Unified Theory...

A. "New arthropod species really stuck together"

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/37463/title/New_arthropod_species_really_stuck_together

"Recent fossil discovery shows that new species of arthropod formed chains, raising the possibility of communal behavior."

"This find provides extraordinary insights into the early evolution of group behaviors, possibly representing a combination of reproductive and anti-predatory strategies,” says Martin. “In short, this find should cause all who are interested in fossil behavior to reconsider what we know about group behavior."

B. Earliest Evolution Of Group Behaviors

Early evolution of group behaviors?
With due respect, more modesty is in order here:

- Earth organism: a temporary self-replicable constrained-energy genetic system that supports and maintains Earth's biosphere by maintenance of genes.
- Gene: a primal Earth's organism. (1st stratum organism)
- Genome: a multigenes organism consisting of a cooperative commune of its member genes. (2nd stratum organism)
- Cellular organisms: mono- or multi-celled earth organisms. (3rd stratum organism)

C. Life's evolution started, absurdly ?, even prior to genesis:

Life Genesis, formation of first genes, was a phenomenon of serendipitous occurrence, in a supportive environment, of 'favourably-directed' energy potential between in-coming sun's radiation and polymerizing RNA-related oligomeric configurations.

Polymerizing RNA-related oligomeric configurations...phasing from chemistry to life...

Life's evolution started, not absurdly, even prior to genesis...

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

"Broken Symmetry" Is Physics' Term Of Biology's "Evolution"

A. Nobel Prize in physics shared for work that unifies forces of nature

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/37300/title/Nobel_Prize_in_physics_shared_for_work_that_unifies_forces_of_nature

- "Understanding of broken symmetry has been crucial to the standard model of particle physics."

- "The basic laws of physics seem to be incredibly symmetric".

- "The cosmos began as a hot uniform sea of particles in which all the laws of physics had melded into one, but transformed and cooled into a rich tapestry."

- "Nambu discovered a mechanism embedded in the laws of physics that allowed the character of symmetries to 'change as the universe evolved'."

B. My primitive commonsensical understanding of the concept of "broken symmetry" is simply and plainly "evolution".

My understanding is that:

- "Symmetry" is a "uniformly steady state matrix".

- "Laws of physics" cannot and do not "seem to be" anything. The laws of nature, like rules of grammar for language, are products of cosmic evolution, the evolution of energy. They represent the most often observed repeats of processes. They are not vague mystic directors of the courses of processes, but a summary of their observed repeats.

- "The laws of physics had melded into one" as "the cosmos began as a hot uniform sea of particles"? NO. At singularity there were no "laws of physics".

- "Discovered a mechanism embedded in the laws of physics that allowed the character of symmetries to 'change as the universe evolved'? NO. This is harnessing the horses at the rear of the carriage. As the universe evolved the character of symmetries continuously changed and "laws of physics" have thus evolved.

C. "Broken Symmetry" Is Physics' Term Of Biology's "Evolution"

This is another Glimpse Of Forces-Matter-Life Unified Theory...

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

A Glimpse Of Forces-Matter-Life Unified Theory
Of Physics' "Broken Symmetry" And Biology's "Evolution"

A. Expounding verbally, not mathematically, on the essence of an eventual unified theory,

I imagine that it would continuously be approaching further comprehension of universal evolution.

B. Design And Randomness In Cosmic And Life Evolution,
Comprehension Of Evolution

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1&p=404

http://www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=14988&st=180&#entry327257

This is not another attempt to DEFINE evolution.

This is an attempt to COMPREHEND evolution. An attempt to comprehend evolution with, again, my favorite scientific approach, with common sense.

Common sense leads me to start my this attempt with the presently conjectured start-state of the evolution of all evolutions, with singularity, and to then ask what is next. Should we now seek Evolution's Potential? Do we next need a conjectured end-state?

Is evolution a process that arrives at an end-state? How will cosmic expansion end?

We cannot even conjecture...

Will it end with a stable steady state, a balance between the ever self-diluting force that accelerates the motion of galaxies clusters and the since-singularity tensioned space-distance cosmos matrix? Or will it end with a collapse, with a return impansion towards singularity, that will then again ...? And how may it evolve towards its end state?...

Is this unknowability what constitutes the stochastic nature of evolution?

Yet it is observable that every temporary phase of evolution is a start-state of further evolution.

And it is observable that all objects and processes and natural laws in the universe, are - since singularity - products of evolution and are themselves continuously further evolving. Everything in the cosmos is fractal, rehappens on many scales, and is continuously evolving. Each and every system in the universe continuously evolves within the total universal evolution and all the systems' evolutions are intertwined.

And it is also observable that all evolutions are fueled by culture, culture being the totality of ways of the system's dealing (reaction to, manipulation of, exploitation of) with its environment.

Suggesting,
DH

PS: Present state (March 2008) of the stock market appears to point at the relationship between stocks and stochastic... DH

C. Updated PS

PS: Present state (October 2008) of the stock market appears to point at the relationship between stocks and stochastic... DH

Dov Henis

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Intestinal Stem Cells Go Awry In Elderly
Because Genes Are Organisms And Age, Too...

I. "Old age causes problems for gut cells"

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/37382/title/Old_age_causes_problems_for_gut_cells
"Intestinal stem cells go awry in elderly flies."

- "Normally, “adult” stem cells in the intestinal wall churn out a steady stream of new cells to replenish the lining. A push-pull balance between two signaling pathways controls the growth and maturation of these stem cells..."

- "...the malfunctioning of adult stem cells in old age is very similar to what happens in certain human stem cell populations..."

- "...speculated that the decline of the body’s organs in old age is partially due to changes in those organ’s stem cells, but the idea is still relatively new."

II. "Yeast, worms and people may age by similar mechanisms"
"Because genes are organisms and age, too..."

A. Yeast, worms and people may age by similar mechanisms...

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/cshl-got030608.php

"Nearly all organisms experience aging".

B. And the organisms genes do not "experience aging"?

Right you are. "Nearly all organisms experience aging". But why "nearly"?

Not only yeast, worms and people. Also genes and the interdependent-genes-communes, genomes. These are organisms, too. It is their "lifehood" that makes us and all life forms "alive".

By plain common sense, my favorite scientific approach, they should also be "experiencing aging"...

C. The aging of genes should be contributing to aging of organisms...

Since genomes are cooperative communes of interdependent genes there are many genes that "modulate aging" to smaller or larger extent at various time-rates depending on circumstances and environment and.... various things happen to them or affect them and impair their functionalities and ....

Suggesting,

Dov Henis
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Innate Genes'-Genome's Mission Programs Sturdily Survive

Genes-Genome Are Steadfast Organisms

A. "New hand, same brain map"

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/37445/title/New_hand%2C_same_brain_map
An investigation of a man who received a successful hand transplant suggests that reorganization of sensory maps in the brain following amputation can be reversed in short order.

"It’s remarkable that an original neural pathway for the hand can be reinstated after years and years,” Kaas says.

"No consensus exists on how the brain rapidly reorganizes sensory maps following hand amputation and then reverses course after surgical attachment of a new hand, comments neurologist Carine Neugroschl of H?pital Erasme in Brussels, Belgium. In a 2005 brain-imaging study of a hand-transplant patient before and after surgery, Neugroschl’s team reported reactivation of the corresponding neural hand map as early as ten days after the operation."

B. "Sensory Maps" consist of connected genes-genomes posts

The genes-genomes organisms manning these cells posts are innately charged with location-related functional mission programs.

C. Amputation eliminates some programs' primary objects

Amputation also eliminates secondary objects of genes-genomes organisms manning other cells along the sensory map.

D. Genes-genomes age, like each and all organisms

Their efficiency at resuming their suspended innate programs with a transplant depends on the scope and extent of their aging history since amputation.

Suggesting,

Dov Henis

(A DH Comment From The 22nd Century)
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

Evolution vs Steady-State

First Organism Found In Nature "To Live Independently From Other Species"?

A. "Community of one"

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/37478/title/Community_of_one

Scientists have discovered how a single bacterial species living in a gold mine in South Africa survives on its own. Its genome contains everything it needs to live independently.

- “This is the first pretty solid evidence that there is another source of energy life can use, and that is radioactive energy,” says Pilcher, who was not part of the team that discovered and analyzed the bacterium. The finding indicates that other rocky planets could support subsurface life that grows on a similar energy source, he says.

- These bacteria likely reproduce very slowly, taking between hundreds to 10,000 years to replicate, the researchers report.

B. It NOW, matured, lives independently from other species,

- but, evidenced by its genome, it was born and evolved to maturity with other Earth's biosphere's species.

- Very long life cycle due to steady state of environment.

- The cost of a long life in circumstances enabling survival of a community of one is evolution's dead-end, a steady state...

Dov Henis

(A DH Comment From The 22nd Century)
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

PS: Replace "species" with "human cultural phenotypes" i.e. Western ,Russian ,Chinese, Indian, Muslim, etc., and note interesting parallel features...DH

Democracy Is Founded On Altruistic Citizenry

A. "Counting how votes count"

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/37783/title/Counting_how_votes_count

"A rational person will vote, economists show, as an act of altruism."

B. A person will soldier to protect his/her democracy, as act of altruism.

This I state from memories as WWII veteran, and from later memories in Israel.

C. W H Davies wrote, in Leisure

http://www.poemhunter.com/william-henry-davies/

"What is this life if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare."

D. What is democracy if, full of care, we have no time to be altruistic,

to be altruistic at least at national elections time...

Dov Henis