On The Life Sciences Scene

Confusion, Confusion, Confusion
Organism's Adaptation And Mutation

A. From "How Organisms Can Tolerate Mutations, Yet Adapt to Environmental Change"
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100120131203.htm

- "...a longstanding conundrum: How can organisms be robust against the effects of mutations yet simultaneously adaptable when the environment changes?"

- "New research suggests that an optimal level of robustness maintains the phenotype in one environment but also allows adaptation to environmental change."

- "mutational robustness can either impede or facilitate adaptation depending on the population size, the mutation rate and a measure of the reproductive capabilities of a variety of genotypes, called the fitness landscape. The results provide a quantitative understanding of the relationship between robustness and evolvability, clarify a significant ambiguity in evolutionary theory and should help illuminate outstanding problems in molecular and experimental evolution, evolutionary development and protein engineering.

B. "quantitative understanding of the relationship between robustness and evolvability"

Robustness is robustness, and evolvability is evolvability. The twain seldom meet.

Evolvability is the capability-capacity of the organism's genome to respond to feedback from the organism's culture that a novel genetic modification will augment its energy constraint. Will increase its temporal survival. This is what evolution is about. The evolution of life and the evolution of ALL other types and sizes of cosmic mass formats.

Robustness has to do with the capablity to perform without failure under a wide range of conditions. Occasionally there are accidents and a failure occurs, and the resulting state of the organism serves as a new ACCIDENTAL base for evolution. This IS NOT the natural process of evolution. This is an accident.

C. To uravel the comprehension of evolution, to discern the relationship between robustness and evolvability

Look at
"Cosmic Evolution Simplified"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4427

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)

Obama's Freeze And Post 2010 Science

- From "Will Obama's freeze chill science?"
http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/57122/
(Jan 31 2010) 7 anonymous and 2 identified commenters

- "We want to see our researchers continue to be able to do their research."

Translation: We want to see the government, the citizens, furnish us with funds to maintain our institutional staff and our scientists guild-tradeunion members.

- "(We'll) dial up the stuff that will support job growth and innovation while dialing down the stuff that doesn't"

Transalation: The economic state of the Union mandates carefull discretionary spending.

- Some aren't entirely convinced that science funding will be spared the axe. "We are extremely concerned about the proposed freeze on non-security discretionary spending, particularly in light of the compelling evidence that an innovation-driven economy is the future..."We're looking to the President for national priority-setting that's consistent with that goal."

Translation: The compelling "evidence" is that an innovation-driven economy, the economy we had prior to its last collapse, is The Future. It must be enhanced. This is what the Union needs. We're looking to the President for national priority-setting that's consistent with that goal.

- "We're hopeful that science is enough of a priority in the president's agenda that the scientific agencies we care about will not be included [in the freeze]"

Translation: Freeze Shmeeze. You don't chill "scientists" even when you make a national freeze. It's simply unthinkable.

Dov Henis

Sciencenews Turns Unscientific?

Sciencenews, the 90yrs old distinguished public service, succumbs to the economic-cultural environmental stress:

Post a comment, but "Please note: All links will be removed from comments."

Links removal is removal of references. This is brutally antiscience.

My apparently last post in sciencenews, before its links removed:

Unconfuse Sleep-Health Comprehension

A. "FOR KIDS: Slumber by the numbers"
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/55608/title/FOR_KIDS_Slumber_by_the_numbers
Fewer than 1 in 10 teens get ideal amount of sleep

B. Unconfuse sleep-health comprehension

"Life Is Simpler Than They Tell Us"
http://geneticengineeringcenter.com/
Page 1

Sleep origin: Sleep is inherent for genes. The earliest, RNAs, genes, in pre-metabolism life period, were active only during direct sunlight hours. They evolved their DNA workbooklog manuals in their own image.

Sleep-Health: Early monocellular organisms communities evolved serotinin, from tryptophan, for between-cells communications (from which evolved later the neural system) and followed with evolving melatonin from serotinin. Melatonin evolved to signal between-cells clean-up and maintenance time, timed during DNA genes inactivity-sleep. These processes persisted into multicell organisms, and are naturally most intense in growing organisms.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
Cosmic Evolution Simplified
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4427

More On Evolution In The Still RNA World

More on "Organism's Adaptation And Mutation"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4747
and
More on "Is'nt It Still An RNA World?"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4728

A. MV to Dov on "signals from the environment feeding back to effect genetic change"

Dov, you suggest: "Evolvability is the capability-capacity of the organism's genome to respond to feedback from the organism's culture that a novel genetic modification augments its energy constraint."

The standard genetic model doesn't really allow for it in that the only feedback from the "organism's culture" is selection based on random or directionless mutations. To "Augment its energy constraint" the organisms genetics must be able to tell the difference between a freak event and one which indicates a long term change in the environment. The standard genetic model doesn't allow for that at all. A lot of energy may be required to be robust against something that may not happen for many generations of the species in question."

B. Dov and MV on "evolution is augmentation of energy constraint"

1) Dov to MV: the standard genetic model was preceded by an earlier standard biological evolutionary model. You write: "The standard genetic model doesn't really allow for it in that the only feedback from the "organism's culture" is selection based on random or directionless mutations".

I obviously do not accept "directionless mutations plus survival" as the basis and course of evolution. I posit that life is but one of the numerous mass formats in the cosmos, and that the evolution of ALL cosmic mass formats originates and proceeds similarly, as explained in

28Dec09 Implications Of E=Total[m(1 + D)]
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/184.page#4587

and in

Cosmic Evolution Simplified
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4427

2) Dov to MV: you write that to "Augment its energy constraint" the organisms genetics must be able to tell the difference between a freak event and one which indicates a long term change in the environment. The standard genetic model doesn't allow for that at all."

I see that every rung in the evolution process is caused and directed by augmentation of energy constraints. In Earth's life mass formats I see the mechanism of sensing-assessing-mandating a genetic expression modification "in the hands" of the RNAs, per "Is'nt It Still An RNA World?".

3) Mv to Dov: Yes. That has clarified to me what you are saying. I also agree somewhat with the RNA feedback model, which is not (yet) being included in the "standard" evolutionary model as taught in Universities and/or in Reference texts. I am very interested in using it as a basis for identifying these mechanisms of feedback, mutation, evolving and robustness - things that experiment should eventually elucidate directly.

C. Re "Mapping methylation"
http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/57132/

"They found that, as expected, DNA methylation around a gene's transcription start sites was linked to low expression, while methylation at other sites, including transcription termination sites, corresponded to higher expression of a gene. And they identified patterns of many genes that are methylated or de-methylated during differentiation."

DNA methylation is a modification of DNA in which methyl (-CH3) groups are added to certain positions on the nitrogen bases. In bacteria, adenine and cytosine are commonly methylated, while in eukaryotic cells, cytosine is most commonly methylated. In eukaryotic cells, methylation in somatic tissues is a method of inhibiting gene expression, “turning off” marked genes during the process of cellular differentiation, causing the cell to develop into its specific type.

D. DNA Methyltransferases, ribonucleoprotein complexes, carry out the methylation activities

This introduces enzymology and LSm proteins, the family of RNA-binding proteins, into the processes involved in manipulating and modifying the members of the genome.

And this fits in the puzzle of "Is'nt It Still An RNA World?":

- Rational probability and possibility that the initial, independent pre-biometabolism direct sunlight-fueled genes were RNAs, that later "evolved" their DNA-images as operational manual libraries prior to celling and genoming. They most probably synthesized (and nucleusized) their DNAs manual libraries as their organ to serve as their environmentally stabler works memory core.

- Rational possibility that ALL RNAs represent the original archae-genes that since their (life) genesis have been and still are the primary actors, assessors, messengers, operators of all life processes.

- Rational possibility that the RNAs are the environmental feedback communicators to, and modifiers of, the genomes, the effectors of the desirable biased genes expressions modifications, of enhanced energy constraining for survival.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)

Genomes Are RNAs'-Made Patterns-Manuals

"Repeats protect DNA"
http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/57135/

"More On Evolution In The Still RNA World"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4818

Fitting together the pieces of the "still an RNA world" puzzle ?

- Rational probability and possibility that the initial, independent pre-biometabolism direct sunlight-fueled genes (life) were RNAs, and that earliest genomes were RNA genomes. The RNA genes evolved their DNA-images as continuously updated operational worklogs patterns-manuals libraries, and celled and genomed them. They most probably synthesized (and nucleusized) their DNA manuals as their works memory cores, work functional organs, DNA being environmentally stabler than RNA, than themselves. The genomes are functional organs, just as the outer cell membranes are functional organs, of their resident genes.

- Rational possibility that ALL RNAs represent the original archae-genes that since their (life) genesis have been and still are the primary actors, assessors, messengers, operators of all life processes.

- Rational possibility that the RNAs are the environmental feedback communicators to, and modifiers of, the genomes, that the RNAs are the effectors of the desirable biased genes expressions modifications, of enhanced energy constraining for survival.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
28Dec09 Implications Of E=Total[m(1 + D)]
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/184.page#4587
Cosmic Evolution Simplified
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4427

Again: Dark Energy And Dark Matter YOK

A. From "Ancient dawn's early light refines age of universe
Satellite images reveal new aspects of Big Bang’s relic radiation."
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/55957/title/Ancient_dawns_early_light_refines_age_of_universe

- "The ancient light, known as the cosmic microwave background, is peppered with hot and cold spots, signs of the tiny primordial lumps from which galaxies grew", And "(It is suggested) that theorists will have to revise their understanding of galaxy clusters".

- The "universal composition" mantra is displayed, again, as 4.5% ordinary matter, 22.7% dark matter and 72.8% dark energy.

B. From "No Dark Matter, No Maybe"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4545

- Enough is enough. Humanity has been hallucinating about dark energy and dark matter for circa 100 years.

- The "tiny primordial lumps" grew NOT into galaxies, but into galaxy clusters.

- "Galaxy Clusters Evolved By Dispersion, Not By Conglomeration".

- "There's No Dark Energy Nor Dark Matter". All the initial singularity energy and matter is still there in space-distance, accounted for by E=Total[m(1 + D)] .

C. And "Cosmic Evolution Simplified" accounts for the origin and nature of evolutionary biology via the cosmic gravity monotheism.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)

Gravity Is The Monotheism Of The Cosmos

A. E=Total[m(1 + D)]

Is the relationship between the cosmic energy(E), mass(m), and spatial expansion distance(D) since the cataclysmic E/m superposition resolution.

At 10^-35 seconds since big bang, D was already a fraction of a second above zero. This is when gravity started. This is what started gravity. At this instance started the energy space texture, the straining of space texture, and started the space-texture-memory, gravity, that most probably will eventually overcome expansion and initiate impansion back to singularity, again.

The clusters of galaxies behave as accelerating classical Newtonian bodies. Their motion is fueled with energy from myriads of mass-to-energy reconversions, in intertwined evolutions within the clusters.

B. The mass-to-energy reconversions continuously diminish m, as D continuously increases

The energy spent on increasing D, the clusters expansion, becomes the potential impansion energy that will eventually re-form singularity. This is gravity. This is the striving of the resolved-from-energy mass to return to its sigularity wholeness.

m are ALL cosmic formats of mass, regardless of size and complexity, including astronomic-to-smallest-particle bodies and all energy-mass organizations such as black holes environs, biospheres-lifes, all sizes and varieties of spin-arrays.

C. Mass is destined to dis-exist. It attempts to postpone-survive this by ingesting of energy

The cosmic expansion will eventually nearly run out of fuel-energy, when at some value of D it will be overcome by gravity and impansion will thus set in. The universe will then revert towards singularity. D will go on a diminishing course and m will enter a growing course of evolution, very different from the present cosmic evolution course.

D. Gravity Is The Monotheism Of The Cosmos

The universe came into being with inflation, with the onset of gravity. Gravity has been setting the course and nature of all the aspects of its evolution. Gravity will eventually terminate cosmic expansion and reverse the course of cosmic evolution.

Gravity Is The Monotheism Of The Cosmos

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)

28Dec09 Implications Of E=Total[m(1 + D)]
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/184.page#4587
Cosmic Evolution Simplified
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4427

Cell Shapes And Functionalities Are Selected Evolutionarily

A. "Cell-cell interactions adapt to the stiffness of the environment"
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-02/cp-cia020910.php

An additional re-invention of the wheel...

B. The outer cell membrane is one of the various functional organs of its resident genome

All the cell's functional organs adapt to all the characteristics of their environment in their normal course of evolution, i.e. of gaining energetic advantage, of augmenting their energy constraint. The best and most obvious example is the evolution of the awesomely intricate neural system in multi-celled organisms that evolved from intercells communications in communities of monocell organisms, involving tryptophan-serotonin, in pre-multicell organisms era.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)

A Thrilling New Discovery
The Science Gibberish Carnival Marches On

A. From "A new type of genetic variation could strengthen natural selection"
http://www.vanderbilt.edu/exploration/stories/galactose3.html

- This discovery was published online on Feb. 17 2010 in the journal Nature.

- “We have discovered that natural selection can act not only on whole organisms and individual genes, but also on gene networks"

- It explains how some organisms, including bacterial pathogens, maintain high levels of diversity and adapt rapidly to new stresses"

The article goes on and on with extended verbiage about natural selection, recombination and "balancing selection". Thrilling. Exciting...

B. At "Updated Life's Manifest"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/140/122.page#2321

See "D. The formation of Earth life"

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
Genomes Are RNAs'-Made Patterns-Manuals
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4819
Cosmic Evolution Simplified
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4427

Higgs Did Not Overcome D,
And It Takes E To Maintain m

A. "Higgs and his particle prove elusive"
Peter Higgs and colleagues receive particle theory prize; scientists still hunting the proposed boson
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/56385/title/Higgs_and_his_particle_prove_elusive

B. From "The Basic Implications Of E=Total[m(1 + D)]"
Para B.3
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/180/122.page#3108

"There is no call, no need, for a Higgs Particle.
The resolution of energy-mass superposition is reverted when D = 0. Shockingly sad, but must be soberingly faced rationally."

And see "An LHC Thinking Break"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/220/122.page#4280

"Cosmic evolution is also called particle physics or evolutionary biology or complexing or other terms. The LHC high-energy collisions will most probably advance our comprehension of it even if, as I expect, it will fail to demonstrate that the origin of mass in the universe depends on the hypothesized Higgs boson(s) and will fail to demonstrate the existence of dark matter or energy."

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
28Dec09 Implications Of E=Total[m(1 + D)]
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/184.page#4587
Cosmic Evolution Simplified
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4427

Napoleon And Bonaparte
Survival By Species Interactions And By Adaptation

A. "Scientists reveal driving force behind evolution"
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-02/uol-srd022510.php

Scientists at the University of Liverpool have provided the first experimental evidence that shows that evolution is driven most powerfully by interactions between species, rather than adaptation to the environment.

B. Evolution is driven by the drive of the genome to survive, to proliferate

"Cosmic Evolution Simplified"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/240/122.page#4427

Evolution = a theory, and the process described by it, that the whole universe changes in a progression of interrelated phenomena of mass formats attaining temporary augmented energy constraint in their successive generations with energy drained from other mass formats, to temporarily postpone, survive, reverting of their own mass to the cosmic energy fueling the galactic clusters expansion.

C. Napoleon and Bonaparte

An old Israeli tale about Pola, Ben-Gurion's (PM) wife, and Rachel Ben-Tsvi's (president) wife:

Pola: Who is your most favourite historical person?
Rachel: Napoleon. And who is your most favourite?
Pola: Bonaparte.
Rachel: But Napoleon and Bonaparte are identical!
Pola: But mine is more identical!

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)

Gaucher’s And Parkinson’s,
And Perturbed Melatonin Function

A. From "A rare chance"
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/57100/

- "Classic signs of Gaucher’s, a rare, recessive genetic disorder in which the body does not produce enough of a lysosomal enzyme that breaks down the fatty substance glucocerebroside, causing it to glob up in cells of the liver, spleen, and other organs—including, sometimes, the brain."

- "Hannah has many classic Gaucher’s symptoms...but also a symptom of Parkinson’s..."

B. Inadequate downstream conversion of tryptophan and tyrosine?

The critical neurotransmitters: serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan, and dopamine is derived from tyrosine.

In the early 50's I proved by dietary experiments (Un of Pgh, Pgh PA) that "crazy chick" was a result of tryptophan deficiency. This deficiency is detrimental not only to the development of the neural system, but also - downstream - to the formation of melatonin, derived from serotonin. Melatonin summons intercell cleanup and maintenance duringthe genome sleep time. The neural system and the intercell cleanup regime have evolved from way back communities of monocell organisms long before the evolution of multicell organisms.

C. Can intercell cleanup and maintenance be augmented by pre-sleep IR treatment?

Self experiment: I experience augmented intercell cleanup during sleeptime, following exposure of my upper body to a commercial IR heater. I assume/expect that long IR waves do not dammage me but deliver enough energy to "stir" the intercell "waste" and increase its content-concentration in the sweat. In my post-IR-exposure sleep I wake up with inflamation-like sweat...

It appears that intercell cleanup and maintenance may be augmented by pre-sleep IR treatment...

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)

Chromosomal And Mitochondrial DNA Diversity

A. "Surprising mtDNA diversity"
http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/57199/

Quote: "It's unclear why mtDNA is so variable".

B. If it is clear why chromosomal DNA is so diverse, why is the diversity of mitochondrial DNA unclear?

Per the ruling "surviving random mutations" mantra phenotypic differences provide disease resistance and adaptability to ever-changing circumstances. Their base line is circumstances-induced or random mutations, some of these mutations surviving and improving survivability.

Per the suggestion in "Genomes Are RNAs'-Made Patterns-Manuals"

http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4819

the genome, like the cell's outer membrane, is an organ of the RNAs genes that have always been and still are the active primal Earth organisms.

And per the suggestion in "Genes' Expression Modification" genes expression modification is NOT random, but biased:

http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/200/122.page#3649

"Replicate with change" occurs when a gene "receives a feedback", a chemical signal, that one of its expressions is bettered by a de facto (i.e. cultural) modification, i.e. that the de facto modification results in a clearly augmented energy constraint. This drives the gene to "Replicate with change", i.e. to modify to the bettered expression.

C. And the thus not random, but biased, biological evolution phenomenon is just one tiny representative specimen of the ubiquitous cosmic evolution phenomena.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)

please dont spam. please....

LesterTS1144198 wrote:please dont spam. please....

?????????

Dov

Unrelenting Ignorance About Sleep

A. From "Making light of sleep"
Teens are prone to sleep problems, but a little sunshine could help.
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/56802/title/FOR_KIDS_Making_light_of_sleep

- "Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years, researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body’s clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see."

- "Melatonin: A hormone that helps to regulate the body’s master clock."

- "Circadian rhythm: A cycle of changes in the body that follow a 24-hour cycle that usually matches the light-dark cycle of an organism’s surroundings."

B. From "Sciencenews Turns Unscientific?", "Unconfuse sleep-health comprehension"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4775

Sleep origin: Sleep is inherent for genes. The earliest, RNAs, genes, in pre-metabolism life period, were active only during direct sunlight hours. They evolved their DNA workbooklog patterns manual, the genome, in their own image.

Sleep-Health: Early monocellular organisms communities evolved serotinin, from tryptophan, for between-cells communications (from which evolved later the neural system) and followed with evolving melatonin from serotinin. Melatonin evolved to signal between-cells (intercell) clean-up and maintenance time, timed during DNA genes inactivity-sleep. These processes persisted into multicell organisms, and are naturally most intense in growing organisms.

C. Translation of obstinately ignorant academEnglish terms into plain English:

- "Circadian rhythm" is simply "genes sleep time", and

- Melatonin is simply a hormone that signals time for between-cells clean-up and maintenance.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
03.2010 Updated Life Manifest
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/54.page#5065

DovTS1019153 wrote:Cancer And College, Or Cancer and Money

From

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/33948/title/Cancer_and_college

"Highly educated people have reaped the benefits of cancer prevention and treatment. Death rates in this group have fallen, but people with less education have missed out on these gains."

Seems to me like hypocritical pseudoscientific misconception.

I suspect it's definitely and obviously and commonsensely not cancer and college but cancer and money. It simply happens that college is also and money...

Dov Henis
http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q--?cq=1

thanks :)

Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

Quotes (-) from "Plodding Amoeba Flips Into Free-Swimming Flagellate: Naegleria Genome Sheds Light on Transition from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes"
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100304121542.htm

- "In the long evolutionary road from bacteria to humans, a major milestone occurred some 1.5 billion years ago when microbes started building closets for all their stuff, storing DNA inside a nucleus, for example, or cramming all the energy machinery inside mitochondria."

*** The microorganisms started building closets within themselves?
Come come. Organisms do not do anything within themselves. Some smaller organisms within them are the planners and doers. See "Genomes Are RNAs'-Made Patterns-Manuals" at
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4819

- "While the genome will be a boon to the small number of biologists who study the organism, it also will help in understanding the evolution of more complicated organisms. By comparing diverse organisms like Naegleria from all over the family tree of eukaryotes we can begin to understand where we come from."

*** From "Cell Shapes And Functionalities Are Selected Evolutionarily"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4924

All the cell's functional organs adapt to all the characteristics of their environment in their normal course of evolution, i.e. of gaining energetic advantage, of augmenting their energy constraint. The best and most obvious example is the evolution of the awesomely intricate neural system in multi-celled organisms that evolved from intercells communications in communities of monocell organisms, involving tryptophan-serotonin, long before multicell organisms era.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
03.2010 Updated Life Manifest
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/54.page#5065

On RNA Cell Faring Programs

RNAs are still Earth's primal organisms, who made the genome as their functional working templates...(BTW, they also made the cell enclosing membranes as their functional organs...)

Cell Faring Programs Involve Transcription Factors,
Made By RNA Genes From DNA Templates Made By The Genes,
Transcription Factors That Activate Genes,
The RNA genes.

A. TGF-beta acts as a transcription factor
http://www.answers.com/topic/tgf-beta
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a protein synthesized by skeletal cells, found in most species, that controls proliferation, cellular differentiation, and other functions in most cells.

B. Myc produces DNA binding protein
http://www.answers.com/topic/myc-2
myc = Any of a group of vertebrate oncogenes whose product, a DNA binding protein, is thought to promote the growth of tumor cells. Possibly from my(elo)c(ytomatosis virus).

C. From "How Cells Protect Themselves from Cancer"
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100316101653.htm

- Two protection programs work together, through an interaction with normal immune cells, to prevent tumors.

- The oncogenes themselves can activate these cell protection programs in an early developmental stage of the disease. They trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death), and senescence (biological aging) is triggered by another oncogene, the ras gene. Senescence stops the cell cycle, and the cell no longer divides.

- First Myc oncogene triggers apoptosis in the lymphoma cells. The dying cells attract macrophages of the immune system, which devour and dispose of the dead lymphoma cells. The thus activated macrophages secrete messenger molecules (cytokines), including the cytokine TGF-beta, which can block the growth of cancer cells in the early stage of a tumor disease, by switching on the senescence program.

D. From "Red and white blood cells come from different sources" ???
http://www.sciencenews.org/index/generic/activity/view/id/56929/title/Researchers_distinguish_two_different_types_of_blood_stem_cells_
Researchers (in mice) distinguish two different types of blood stem cells??? All stem cells are not created equal???

- In the blood, millions of diverse cells die every second. To keep up with this loss, stem cells continually divide to create the correct balance of cell types, which include oxygen-carrying red blood cells and a menagerie of immune cells.

- The hitherto thought was that one single type of blood stem cell in the bone marrow continually replenish the blood system throughout a person's life. Recent studies hinted that blood stem cells have distinct behaviors, but the different kinds of cells were pinpointed only now, using different dye stain markers.

- While each type of stem cell was able to produce every kind of blood cell, the team found a clear difference in end-products ratio: One type of stem cell produced many more red blood cells than immune cells, and vice versa.

- What’s more, as the mice aged, the relative amounts of these stem cell types shifted. As mice got older, the stem cells that create more red blood cells made up a larger proportion of all stem cells, beating out the immune-cell–biased stem cells.

- The researchers also observed that TGF-beta1 spurs red blood cell–producing stem cells to divide and at the same time represses division of their immune cell–producing counterparts. They suggest that these different actions of TGF-beta1 may allow fine-tuning of the ratio of different stem cell "subtypes".

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
03.2010 Updated Life Manifest
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/54.page#5065
Genomes Are RNAs-Made Patterns-Manuals
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4819

Evolution More Rapid Than Darwin Thought
Columbus, Not The Indians, Discovered America

A. From "Evolution More Rapid Than Darwin Thought"
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100322083654.htm

"The most important part of the dissertation is that I have shown that evolution sometimes proceeds incredibly rapidly. This is huge."

B. "Genes' Expression Modification"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/200/122.page#3649

Again: RNAs are still Earth's primal organisms, who made the genome as their functional working templates...(BTW, they also made the cell enclosing membranes as their functional organs...)

Again: Cell faring programs involve transcription factors, made by RNA genes from DNA templates made by the RNA genes, transcription factors that activate genes, the RNA genes.

Again: "Replicate with change" occurs when a gene "receives a feedback", a chemical signal, that one of its expressions is bettered by a de facto (i.e. cultural) modification, i.e. that the de facto modification results in a clearly augmented energy constraint. This drives the gene to "Replicate with change", i.e. to modify to the bettered expression.

Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
03.2010 Updated Life Manifest
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/54.page#5065
Genomes Are RNAs-Made Patterns-Manuals
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4819
"More On Evolution In The Still RNA World"
http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/260/122.page#4818